多国間主義
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多国間主義（たこくかんしゅぎ、又はマルチラテラリズム）は、国際関係論の用語で、一つの課題に対し、多数の国家で取り組むことを指す。
国際連合や世界貿易機関、欧州安全保障協力機構など、ほとんどの国際機関では、その性格上、多国間主義になる。多国間主義の主な支持者は、伝統的に、カナダやオーストラリア、北欧諸国などのミドルパワー（中堅国; (middle power) ）である。
大国は、多くの場合一国主義 (unilateralism) 的に行動するため、それより小さい国は、（同じ考え方のグループでまとまって (voting bloc) 投票することをかんがみ）国際連合への参加を除いては、国際問題に対し、直接的にはかなり小さな力しか持つことを許されていない。加えて、多国間主義には、国際連合でともに行動するすべての国を含むが、地域同盟、軍事同盟、協定などの多国間グループは含まない。
政治哲学の言葉で、多国間主義の対義語は、一国主義である。
[編集] 歴史
現代における最初の多国間主義の起こりは、ウィーン会議において、大国がヨーロッパの地図を引きなおした、ナポレオン戦争後の19世紀ヨーロッパである。ヨーロッパ協調 (Concert of Europe) は、大国とそれより小さな国々が、平和的に、問題を解決するために会合していたグループのことを指す。1884年のベルリン会議などは、この時代の大国同士の摩擦を減らし、19世紀は、ヨーロッパ史上最も平和的な時代となった。[要出典]
Industrial and colonial competition, combined with shifts in the balance of power after the creation - by diplomacy and conquest - of Germany by Prussia meant cracks were appearing in this system by the turn of the twentieth century. The concert system was utterly destroyed by the First World War. After that conflict world leaders created the League of Nations in order to try to prevent another conflict of similar scale. A number of international arms limitation treaties were also signed such as the Kellogg-Briand Pact. But the League proved insufficient to prevent Japan's conquests in Eastern Asia in the 1930s, escalating fascist aggression and, ultimately, the outbreak of the Second World War from 1939.[要出典]
After the Second World War the victors, having drawn experience from the failure of the League of Nations, created the United Nations in 1945 with a structure intended to address the weaknesses of the previous body. Unlike the League, the UN had the active participation of the United States and the Soviet Union, the world's two greatest contemporary powers. Along with the political institutions of the UN the post-war years also saw a wide array of other multilateral organizations such as the GATT (now the World Trade Organization), the World Bank (so-called 'Bretton Woods' institutions) and the World Health Organization develop. The collective multilateral framework played an important role in maintaining world peace in the Cold War.[要出典] Moreover, United Nations peacekeepers stationed around the world became one of the most visible symbols of multilateralism in recent decades.
Today there are myriad multilateral institutions of varying scope and subject matter, ranging from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW); although many such organizations were founded or are supported by the UN, by no means are all of them maintained within the UN system.
[編集] Challenges
The multilateral system has encountered mounting challenges in the period since the end of the Cold War. The United States has become increasingly dominant on the world stage in terms of military and economic power at the same time as it increasingly questions the relevance of multilateral processes to its interests, in some cases.[要出典] Concurrently, a perception has developed among some internationalists that the United States is more inclined to act unilaterally in situations with international implications. This trend began when the U.S. Senate, in October 1999, refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which President Bill Clinton had signed in September 1996. Under President George W. Bush the United States has rejected such multilateral agreements as the Kyoto Protocol, the International Criminal Court, the Ottawa Treaty banning anti-personnel land mines and a draft protocol to ensure compliance by States with the Biological Weapons Convention. Also under the administration of George W. Bush, the United States withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which the Nixon administration and the Soviet Union had negotiated and jointly signed in 1972.
[編集] See also
最終更新 2009年8月10日 (月) 22:42 （日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC）。
【多国間主義】変更履歴
